Effects of melt pool flow on porosity levels in arc welding

Abstract Arc welding is one of the widely used approaches for joining metals. During arc process, an electric creates intense heat to fuse metals that forms melt pool between parts be welded together. Intensive flow fields are observable within fusion weld pools as a result multiple driving forces. The patterns significantly determine shape joint and other attributes solidified joint, such microstructure defects. Porosity solidification-related defects can bring detrimental impact. formation solidification pools, gas bubbles formed driven in or out from by flow. In this work, employing situ synchrotron X-rays, we have observed how different conditions air-liquid interface contributed retaining releasing during welding. results suggest underpinning forces, electromagnetic act on molten metal retain pores inside joints; but, gravity-driven effects contribute reduce porosity, with appropriate process conditions.